The correct answer is ability and effort; insufficient effort.

Explanation:

In educational psychology, Attribution Theory (developed by Bernard Weiner) explains how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behavior. Mastery-oriented learners focus on learning, improving skills, and mastering new challenges rather than just demonstrating high ability or avoiding failure.

1. Attribution of Success: Mastery-oriented learners attribute their success to internal factors such as high ability and high effort. They believe that their competence, combined with hard work and dedication, leads to successful outcomes.

2. Attribution of Failure: When faced with failure or setbacks, mastery-oriented learners attribute it to internal, controllable, and unstable factors, specifically insufficient effort or inadequate strategies, rather than a lack of innate ability. Because they believe success depends on effort and practice, they see failure as a signal to try harder or try a different approach, maintaining high motivation and resilience.

Therefore, Mastery Oriented learners typically attribute success to ability and effort and failure to insufficient effort.